Development of computational thinking, digital competence and 21st century skills when learning programming in K-9

"Our primary research question was as follows: RQ: From the teachers’ perspective, what skills do pupils obtain when engaging in programming activities?... [The focus was] mainly on two themes (in addition to a set of background questions): 1. Didactic practices and strategies employed when teaching programming, including a focus on the tools, languages and environments used. 2. Pupils’ knowledge and skills development when working with programming in K-12 education." (Authors, in "Introduction" and "Data collection")